Introduction
Choosing the right loyalty and rewards application for a Shopify store is a critical decision that directly impacts customer retention, repeat purchases, and overall business growth. Merchants are often faced with a myriad of options, each promising to enhance customer lifetime value and engagement. Navigating these choices requires a clear understanding of features, scalability, integration capabilities, and the underlying value proposition each app offers.
Short answer: Growave: Loyalty & Wishlist offers a robust, all-in-one retention platform encompassing loyalty, reviews, referrals, and wishlists, ideal for growing stores seeking to consolidate their marketing stack. Rijoy: AI Loyalty Rewards focuses on AI-driven personalized loyalty and viral referrals, presenting a solution for merchants prioritizing intelligent automation, though specific details on its broader feature set and pricing are not publicly available in the same depth. Integrated platforms, generally, can reduce operational overhead and improve data synergy compared to disconnected, single-function apps.
This comparison aims to provide a detailed, feature-by-feature analysis of Growave: Loyalty & Wishlist and Rijoy: AI Loyalty Rewards. The goal is to help merchants make an informed decision by examining each app's core functionalities, customization options, pricing considerations, integration capabilities, and support structures, ultimately framing which solution might best fit specific business needs and growth stages. Merchants interested in seeing how the app is positioned for Shopify stores will find value in this comprehensive review.
Growave: Loyalty & Wishlist vs. Rijoy: AI Loyalty Rewards: At a Glance
| Feature/Aspect | Growave: Loyalty & Wishlist | Rijoy: AI Loyalty Rewards |
|---|---|---|
| Core Use Case | All-in-one customer retention platform: loyalty, VIP, referrals, reviews/UGC, wishlist. | AI-driven loyalty rewards, smart points, personalized VIP journeys, viral referrals. |
| Best For | Established and growing Shopify stores seeking comprehensive, integrated retention tools to reduce app sprawl and streamline customer engagement across multiple touchpoints, including Shopify Plus merchants. | Merchants primarily focused on launching a basic loyalty program with an emphasis on AI-driven personalization and viral referral mechanics, particularly those comfortable with an app with less established market feedback. |
| Review Count & Rating | 1,197 reviews, 4.8 rating | 0 reviews, 0 rating |
| Notable Strengths | Integrated suite of tools, Shopify Plus readiness, extensive integrations, dedicated support on higher plans, strong market reputation. | AI-driven personalization, viral referral features, one-click setup, real-time insights (as described). |
| Potential Limitations | Comprehensive feature set might require a learning curve for very small businesses; higher tiers designed for scaling require a commensurate investment. | Limited public data on pricing and full feature depth; absence of customer reviews makes long-term reliability and support harder to assess; appears focused on core loyalty without integrated reviews/UGC/wishlist. |
| Typical Setup Complexity | Medium (due to breadth of features, but with onboarding/support available) | Low (described as "one-click setup") |
Deep Dive Comparison
Customer retention is not merely about preventing churn; it is about cultivating lasting relationships that drive sustainable growth. Loyalty programs, reviews, and referral incentives are foundational pillars of this strategy. This section delves into how Growave: Loyalty & Wishlist and Rijoy: AI Loyalty Rewards approach these critical areas.
Core Feature Sets
Understanding the core functionalities offered by each application is paramount. While both apps aim to foster loyalty, their scope and method differ.
Loyalty Programs and Points
Growave: Loyalty & Wishlist provides a robust and multifaceted approach to loyalty. It enables merchants to implement detailed loyalty points and rewards designed to lift repeat purchases. This includes:
- Points-based Rewards: Customers earn points for purchases, account creation, birthdays, and other custom actions, which can then be redeemed for discounts, free shipping, or exclusive products.
- VIP Tiers: A structured program allows merchants to segment customers into VIP tiers (e.g., Bronze, Silver, Gold) based on points earned or spending thresholds. Each tier can unlock exclusive perks, higher earning rates, or special access, effectively creating VIP tiers and incentives for high-intent customers.
- Points Expiration & Gift Cards: On higher plans, the ability to set expiration dates for points creates urgency and encourages redemption, while gift cards offer flexible reward options.
- Custom Reward Actions: The platform supports custom reward actions on its higher-tier plans, allowing for highly tailored loyalty programs that align with specific brand objectives.
Rijoy: AI Loyalty Rewards, on the other hand, highlights an AI-driven approach to loyalty. Its focus is on "smart points" and "personalized VIP journeys," suggesting an automated, data-driven system for allocating rewards and customer segmentation. Key aspects include:
- Customizable Points Earning Rules: Merchants can define how customers earn points, similar to Growave, but with an AI layer influencing these rules or their application.
- Personalized VIP Journeys: This implies an AI engine that tailors the customer's path through loyalty tiers and reward offerings based on their behavior, potentially offering a more dynamic experience than manual tier management.
- Irresistible Rewards: The description suggests the AI assists in identifying and presenting rewards that are most appealing to individual customers, aiming to maximize redemption and engagement.
Comparison: Growave offers a clearly defined, comprehensive set of tools for managing loyalty, with increasing complexity and customization available across its plans. It provides merchants with granular control over reward mechanics that support customer lifetime value. Rijoy emphasizes AI for personalization and smart point distribution. While Growave also allows for custom actions, Rijoy's promise of "AI-driven" suggests automated optimization. For merchants who prefer a hands-on approach with extensive feature depth, Growave might be more suitable. For those looking for an intelligent, possibly simpler, automated system for loyalty, Rijoy's AI focus could be appealing, though more details on its AI's specific functionalities and impact would be beneficial.
Reviews and User-Generated Content (UGC)
This area represents a significant divergence between the two apps based on the provided data.
Growave: Loyalty & Wishlist is an all-in-one platform that extensively incorporates reviews and user-generated content (UGC) capabilities. This includes:
- Product Reviews: The ability to collect and showcase authentic customer reviews directly on product pages.
- Review Request Email Series: Automated email sequences to prompt customers for reviews after a purchase.
- Google Shopping Reviews & Instagram UGC: On higher plans, the platform supports integration with Google Shopping for star ratings and the collection of Instagram UGC, leveraging social proof that supports conversion and AOV.
- Review Attributes & Q&A: Allows customers to rate specific product attributes and ask questions, enriching product pages with valuable information.
Rijoy: AI Loyalty Rewards does not specify any features related to product reviews or user-generated content in its description. Its focus appears to be solely on loyalty points, rewards, and referrals.
Comparison: For merchants who understand the synergy between loyalty and social proof, Growave's integrated reviews and UGC features offer a significant advantage. Collecting and showcasing authentic customer reviews within the same platform that manages loyalty simplifies operations and provides a consistent customer experience. If a merchant uses Rijoy, they would likely need a separate app for reviews, leading to potential data silos and additional costs.
Wishlist Functionality
Another key differentiator, according to the provided information, is wishlist capabilities.
Growave: Loyalty & Wishlist includes robust wishlist functionality:
- Wishlist: Customers can save products they are interested in for later, which can be a powerful tool for capturing intent and reducing cart abandonment.
- Back-in-Stock Wishlist Emails: On Growth and Plus plans, automated emails can notify customers when a wishlisted item is back in stock, prompting them to complete a purchase.
Rijoy: AI Loyalty Rewards does not specify any wishlist features.
Comparison: The inclusion of a wishlist feature within Growave's platform offers another layer of customer engagement and a direct channel for re-engagement. This helps to nurture potential purchases and provides valuable insights into customer preferences. Merchants using Rijoy would need to find a separate solution for this functionality, further fragmenting their app stack.
Referrals and Viral Growth
Both platforms acknowledge the importance of referral marketing for customer acquisition.
Growave: Loyalty & Wishlist includes a referral program:
- Referral Program: Allows existing customers to refer new ones, rewarding both the referrer and the referred.
- Fraud Protection: A crucial feature for maintaining the integrity of referral campaigns, preventing abuse and ensuring fair reward distribution.
Rijoy: AI Loyalty Rewards specifically highlights "viral referral rewards":
- Viral Referral Rewards: The term "viral" suggests features designed to maximize the spread of referral links and accelerate customer acquisition. While specifics are not detailed, it implies an emphasis on making the referral process highly shareable and incentivizing its widespread adoption.
Comparison: Both apps aim to leverage existing customers to bring in new ones. Growave offers a standard referral program with the added benefit of fraud protection, which is essential for scaling such initiatives responsibly. Rijoy's "viral" focus implies a more aggressive, perhaps AI-optimized, approach to spreading referrals. Merchants prioritizing robust fraud protection might lean towards Growave, while those looking for maximum referral reach and an AI-assisted approach might consider Rijoy, assuming the viral features deliver on their promise.
VIP Tiers and Personalization
Elevating customer status through VIP tiers and personalized experiences is a common goal for loyalty programs.
Growave: Loyalty & Wishlist provides a clear structure for VIP tiers:
- VIP Tiers Program: As mentioned previously, customers progress through defined tiers, unlocking increasingly valuable benefits. This is a straightforward, transparent system that rewards loyalty progressively.
- Dedicated Loyalty Page: On the Growth plan, a dedicated loyalty page allows customers to easily track their points, tier status, and available rewards, enhancing the overall experience.
Rijoy: AI Loyalty Rewards emphasizes "personalized VIP journeys":
- This suggests an adaptive system where the VIP experience might be dynamically tailored to individual customer behavior and preferences, rather than a rigid, predefined tier structure. While Growave also allows for customization, Rijoy's AI might automate the personalization aspect to a greater extent.
Comparison: Both platforms offer ways to recognize and reward high-value customers. Growave provides a clear, structured VIP program with a dedicated customer-facing loyalty page, offering transparency and self-service. Rijoy's focus on "personalized VIP journeys" points to a more dynamic, AI-driven approach to individual customer experiences within the loyalty framework. The choice here depends on whether a merchant prefers a structured, managed tier system or a more automated, individualized approach to VIP recognition.
Customization and Branding
A loyalty program should feel like an extension of the brand, not a generic add-on. Customization is key to achieving this.
Growave: Loyalty & Wishlist offers extensive customization capabilities:
- Full Flexibility to Customize App Branding: Merchants can tailor the look and feel of loyalty program elements to match their store's aesthetic. This ensures a consistent brand experience for customers.
- Customizable Emails: Reward-related emails can be customized to maintain brand voice and messaging.
- Dedicated Loyalty Page Custom Design: On higher plans, the loyalty page can be fully customized, allowing brands to create a unique and engaging hub for their loyalty program.
- Headless: API & SDK: For advanced users and Shopify Plus merchants, Growave offers headless capabilities, including API and SDK access, providing ultimate control over the front-end experience and integration with custom storefronts.
Rijoy: AI Loyalty Rewards also emphasizes branding and customization:
- Instantly Launch Your Branded Loyalty Experience: This suggests ease of setup for brand alignment.
- Customizable Points Earning Rules: While not directly branding, this allows the program mechanics to align with brand values or marketing campaigns.
Comparison: Growave clearly offers a deeper level of customization, particularly for brands seeking to integrate their loyalty program seamlessly into a custom or headless setup. Its enterprise-level features ensure that the loyalty experience can be finely tuned to reflect a brand's unique identity. Rijoy promises an "instantly launched branded loyalty experience," indicating ease of initial branding, but the depth of advanced customization, especially for complex or headless setups, is not specified. For merchants with specific design requirements or advanced technical needs, Growave's capabilities offer greater flexibility.
Pricing Structure and Value Proposition
Pricing is a critical factor for any Shopify merchant, from startups to large enterprises. The value derived from an app must justify its cost.
Growave's Layered Plans
Growave: Loyalty & Wishlist offers a tiered pricing structure designed to scale with a merchant's business needs and order volume, providing a pricing structure that scales as order volume grows. Each plan builds upon the previous one, adding more features and support. Merchants can explore a clearer view of total retention-stack costs by considering Growave’s all-in-one approach.
- Free Plan: Provides foundational features for up to 500 total orders and 100 monthly orders. This includes a loyalty points program, wishlist, product reviews, and data imports/exports. It carries Growave branding and offers 48-hour email support. This plan is excellent for new or very small stores starting their retention efforts.
- Entry Plan – $49/month: Aimed at growing businesses with up to 500 monthly orders. It includes all Free plan features plus advanced rewards, a referral program with fraud protection, nudges (on-site reminders), review request email series, Shopify POS and Shopify Flow integration, one additional integration (e.g., Klaviyo), customizable emails, and 24/7 email support.
- Growth Plan – $199/month: Suitable for more established stores with up to 1,500 monthly orders. This plan introduces VIP Tiers, a dedicated loyalty page, Shopify POS Loyalty QR, points expiration, gift cards, account extensions, review attributes, Google Shopping Reviews, Instagram UGC, back-in-stock wishlist emails, 5-star onboarding, and 24/7 email/chat support.
- Plus Plan – $499/month: Designed for high-growth and enterprise-level businesses with up to 3,000 monthly orders. It encompasses all Growth features plus checkout extensions, headless support (API & SDK), custom loyalty page design, custom reward actions, B2B functionality, unlimited integrations, a customer success manager, a dedicated launch plan, and 24/7 email/live chat/phone support.
The tiered structure allows businesses to choose a plan built for long-term value, upgrading as their needs and order volumes increase, without immediately paying for features they do not yet require. This helps in comparing plan fit against retention goals effectively.
Rijoy's Pricing (Missing Data)
The provided data does not include specific pricing plans for Rijoy: AI Loyalty Rewards. The lack of transparent pricing information makes a direct comparison on value for money challenging. Typically, apps with undisclosed pricing might offer custom quotes, which can be beneficial for very specific needs but makes initial budgeting difficult for merchants.
Comparison: Growave offers transparent, tiered pricing that clearly outlines features and order limits at each level. This allows merchants to easily evaluate feature coverage across plans and budget accordingly. The absence of pricing data for Rijoy makes it impossible to assess its value proposition relative to Growave. Merchants would need to contact Rijoy directly to obtain this crucial information, adding an extra step to their evaluation process.
Integrations and Ecosystem Fit
The ability of a loyalty app to seamlessly integrate with other tools in a merchant's tech stack is vital for a unified customer experience and efficient operations.
Growave: Loyalty & Wishlist boasts an extensive list of integrations, highlighting its design for a connected ecosystem:
- Key Integrations: Klaviyo, Gorgias, Attentive, TikTok Shop, Omnisend, Postscript, Recharge, PushOwl, Pagefly, LayoutHub, GemPages, Shopney, Ampify.
- Shopify Ecosystem: Works with Shopify Checkout, Shopify POS, Customer accounts, and Shopify Flow, providing deep integration into the core Shopify platform.
- B2B & Unlimited Integrations: The Plus plan specifically mentions B2B capabilities and unlimited integrations, catering to complex enterprise environments.
Rijoy: AI Loyalty Rewards, based on the provided data, primarily works with "Checkout."
Comparison: Growave demonstrates a significantly broader integration capacity, which is crucial for merchants operating complex marketing automation, customer service, and analytics workflows. Its deep integration with Shopify's native features like POS and Flow, alongside popular third-party apps, means that customer data and loyalty actions can flow smoothly across the entire tech stack. This helps in verifying compatibility details in the official app listing. Rijoy's stated integration with only "Checkout" suggests a more limited scope, which might be sufficient for basic loyalty programs but could become a constraint as a store scales and requires more interconnected systems.
Analytics and Reporting
Understanding the performance of a loyalty program is essential for optimization and proving ROI.
Growave: Loyalty & Wishlist's description doesn't explicitly detail an "analytics and reporting" module, but the inclusion of features like "real-time insights" on its description and the presence of customer success managers on higher plans imply robust data tracking and analysis capabilities across its various modules (loyalty, reviews, referrals). For example, a dedicated loyalty page with points tracking provides inherent data.
Rijoy: AI Loyalty Rewards explicitly mentions "real-time insights." This suggests a dashboard or reporting feature where merchants can monitor the performance of their loyalty and referral programs as they happen, potentially leveraging the AI to highlight key trends or optimization opportunities.
Comparison: While Rijoy explicitly calls out "real-time insights," which is a clear strength, Growave's comprehensive platform and enterprise-level support (CSM) imply that detailed reporting and analytics are inherent to its offerings across loyalty, reviews, and referrals. For merchants prioritizing immediate data visibility specifically for loyalty, Rijoy's explicit mention is noteworthy. However, Growave's integrated suite likely provides a holistic view of customer retention metrics that span beyond just loyalty points.
Customer Support Expectations and Reliability Cues
The quality of support and an app's market reliability are crucial for long-term merchant satisfaction.
Growave: Loyalty & Wishlist has a strong market presence and well-defined support structures:
- Reviews & Rating: With 1,197 reviews and a 4.8-star rating, Growave has a proven track record and positive merchant feedback, checking merchant feedback and app-store performance signals. Scanning reviews to understand real-world adoption typically reveals consistent praise for its features and support.
- Support Channels: Offers 48-hour email support on the Free plan, 24/7 email support on Entry, 24/7 email/chat support on Growth, and 24/7 email/live chat/phone support on the Plus plan.
- Dedicated Resources: Higher tiers include 5-star onboarding, a dedicated customer success manager (CSM), and a dedicated launch plan, indicating a strong commitment to merchant success and support for complex implementations.
Rijoy: AI Loyalty Rewards is a newer entry with less public data:
- Reviews & Rating: It currently has 0 reviews and a 0-star rating, making it difficult to assess real-world merchant satisfaction or support quality based on public feedback.
- Support Channels: Not specified in the provided data.
Comparison: Growave has a well-established reputation, evident from its high number of positive reviews and robust, tiered support options. This provides a strong trust signal for merchants looking for reliable, ongoing assistance. Rijoy, as a newer app with no public reviews, presents a higher degree of uncertainty regarding its long-term reliability and the responsiveness of its support team. Merchants considering Rijoy would need to rely more heavily on direct communication with the developer to understand their support model and service level agreements.
Performance, Compatibility, and Operational Overhead
An app's technical foundation and how it impacts store performance and daily operations are critical for efficiency.
Growave: Loyalty & Wishlist emphasizes performance and compatibility, particularly for scaling businesses:
- Built for Shopify Plus: Designed with the needs of enterprise merchants in mind, supporting powerful checkout and account extensions, crucial for high-volume stores and complex operations.
- Headless: API & SDK: Offers advanced options for merchants running headless commerce setups, ensuring compatibility and flexibility for custom front-ends.
- Works With Shopify POS, Flow, Customer Accounts: Deep integration across the Shopify ecosystem minimizes compatibility issues and streamlines workflows.
Rijoy: AI Loyalty Rewards highlights ease of setup:
- One-Click Setup: Suggests a lightweight installation process that minimizes initial technical overhead.
- AI-driven: While not directly about performance, an AI-driven system might imply efficiency in automating loyalty tasks.
Comparison: Growave’s explicit focus on Shopify Plus capabilities, headless support, and deep Shopify ecosystem integrations positions it as a robust solution for merchants concerned with performance, scalability, and complex operational needs. Its all-in-one nature also aims to reduce operational overhead by minimizing the number of distinct apps a merchant needs to manage for retention. Rijoy appears to prioritize ease of initial setup, which can be beneficial for merchants looking for a quick launch without extensive technical involvement. However, its long-term performance and compatibility with broader enterprise requirements or headless architectures are not detailed.
The Alternative: Solving App Fatigue with an All-in-One Platform
Merchants frequently encounter "app fatigue" – a common challenge arising from managing too many single-purpose applications. This often leads to tool sprawl, where numerous apps handle different aspects of customer engagement. The consequence is fragmented data across various platforms, inconsistent customer experiences due to disparate interfaces, increased integration overhead as each app needs to talk to others, and stacked costs that grow unexpectedly. Instead of streamlining operations, a fragmented app stack can complicate them, diverting valuable time and resources from core business activities.
Growave approaches this challenge with its "More Growth, Less Stack" philosophy. This strategy centers on consolidating essential customer retention tools into one integrated platform. Rather than requiring separate apps for loyalty, reviews, referrals, and wishlists, Growave provides these functionalities within a single ecosystem. This integration addresses app fatigue directly by simplifying management, centralizing data, and ensuring a consistent brand experience across all touchpoints. The benefits extend beyond mere convenience; a unified platform like Growave enables a more holistic view of customer behavior, allowing merchants to create more cohesive and impactful retention strategies.
For instance, the platform delivers comprehensive loyalty points and rewards designed to lift repeat purchases, integrating seamlessly with collecting and showcasing authentic customer reviews. This means a customer earning loyalty points might also be prompted for a product review, with both actions contributing to their overall engagement and value to the brand. This synergy allows for more effective reward mechanics that support customer lifetime value and builds stronger social proof that supports conversion and AOV.
Furthermore, merchants can gain insights from real examples from brands improving retention by leveraging this integrated approach. The platform is designed to connect customers at every stage of their journey, whether on the website, at checkout, via POS, or on mobile devices. This interconnectedness allows for richer customer data, more targeted communication, and a significantly reduced administrative burden compared to managing multiple separate solutions.
By combining these functionalities, Growave aims to provide a higher-value solution that supports sustainable growth while reducing the complexities and costs associated with maintaining a fragmented tech stack. If consolidating tools is a priority, start by choosing a plan built for long-term value. This strategy allows brands to focus on what truly matters: understanding and engaging their customers, without being bogged down by app management. For those seeking customer stories that show how teams reduce app sprawl, the benefits of this integrated model become particularly clear.
Conclusion
For merchants choosing between Growave: Loyalty & Wishlist and Rijoy: AI Loyalty Rewards, the decision comes down to the desired scope of functionality, appetite for risk, and a merchant's specific growth stage. Growave stands out as a comprehensive, all-in-one customer retention platform, offering a proven track record, extensive features spanning loyalty, reviews, referrals, and wishlists, alongside robust support and deep Shopify ecosystem integrations. It is particularly well-suited for established and growing businesses, including Shopify Plus merchants, who prioritize a unified solution to manage multiple aspects of customer engagement and are looking for a clearer view of total retention-stack costs.
Rijoy: AI Loyalty Rewards, with its focus on AI-driven loyalty and viral referrals, may appeal to merchants looking for intelligent automation in their loyalty programs, especially those who value a simple, one-click setup. However, the absence of public reviews and detailed pricing information makes it a less transparent option, particularly for merchants who need to verify long-term reliability and support quality. Its feature set appears more narrowly focused on loyalty, suggesting that additional apps would be required for comprehensive customer engagement strategies like reviews or wishlists.
Ultimately, both platforms aim to improve customer retention and lifetime value. Growave provides a mature, multifaceted solution that aims to simplify operations by consolidating key tools, a strategy proven effective for many scaling brands. For merchants who want to manage loyalty, reviews, referrals, and wishlists from a single platform, Growave offers a compelling value proposition that reduces app fatigue and ensures a consistent customer experience. To reduce app fatigue and run retention from one place, start by reviewing the Shopify App Store listing merchants install from. The extensive feature set and established support network empower businesses to implement advanced retention programs and refine their evaluating feature coverage across plans.
FAQ
What is the primary difference between Growave and Rijoy?
The primary difference lies in their scope and maturity. Growave: Loyalty & Wishlist is an established, all-in-one platform integrating loyalty, VIP tiers, referrals, customer reviews and user-generated content (UGC), and wishlists. It has a significant number of positive reviews and transparent pricing. Rijoy: AI Loyalty Rewards focuses on AI-driven loyalty rewards, personalized VIP journeys, and viral referrals, emphasizing ease of setup. However, it currently has no public reviews and its full feature set and pricing are not detailed in the available information, suggesting it is a newer or less publicly documented solution.
Which app is better for new Shopify stores?
For new Shopify stores on a tight budget, Growave offers a Free plan that includes loyalty points, wishlist, and product reviews for up to 100 monthly orders. This provides a solid foundation for starting retention efforts without upfront cost. Rijoy's pricing is not specified, making it difficult to assess its suitability for budget-conscious new stores. Considering the need for diverse engagement tools beyond just loyalty (like reviews for trust building), Growave's integrated Free plan often presents a more comprehensive starting point for emerging brands.
How does an all-in-one platform compare to specialized apps?
An all-in-one platform, like Growave, integrates multiple customer engagement tools (loyalty, reviews, referrals, wishlists) into a single solution. This approach reduces "app fatigue" by minimizing the number of apps to manage, centralizing customer data, ensuring consistent branding and user experience, and potentially lowering total costs compared to stacking multiple single-function apps. Specialized apps, while often deeply focused on one feature, can lead to data silos, integration complexities, and higher overall costs when combined to achieve a similar breadth of functionality. The integrated approach often provides more cohesive practical retention playbooks from growing storefronts.
Is there a free option for loyalty programs?
Yes, Growave: Loyalty & Wishlist offers a Free plan. This plan includes essential features such as a loyalty points program, wishlist, and product reviews, supporting up to 100 monthly orders and 500 total orders. This allows new or small businesses to implement foundational retention strategies without an immediate monthly subscription fee. For Rijoy: AI Loyalty Rewards, it is not specified whether a free plan or free trial is available in the provided data.








